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_一、定语从句概念
_定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
_定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例:
_the woman who lives next door is a teacher.
_先行词 定语从句
_在所有的从句中,算定语从句*难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
_二、关系代词引导的定语从句
_关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:
_格
_先行词 主格 宾格 所有格
_人 who whom whose
_物 which which whose of which
_人、物 that that —
_(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法
_who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如:
_an architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
_i will n*r forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
_anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
_whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如:
_do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?
_this is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我*十年前教的学生。
_the girl who i saw is called mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中,主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略)
_whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如:
_the girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
_do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思 是:the window of the hotel。)
_(二)关系代词which的用法
_which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
_i do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
_我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)
_tom works for a factory which makes watches.
_汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)
_(三)关系代词that的用法
_that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
_is she the girl that sells news*s?
_她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)
_where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
_放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)
_is this the book that you want to buy?
_这是你要买的那本书吗? (that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略)
_三、关系副词引导的定语从句
_常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀:
_the time when
_the place where
_the reason why
_(一)关系副词when的用法
_关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。例如:
_in beijing july and august are the months when it rains very often.
_北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是months)
_do you remember the day when we first went to the summer palace?
_你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗?(when先行词是day, 当代英语里when可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词)
_i haven’t seen her since the year when i left tokyo.
_自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when先行词是year,同样when可以用that代替)
_(二)关系副词where的用法
_关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。例如:
_during the spring festival i went back to the town where i was brought up.
_春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)
_this is the place where li bai once lived.
_这是李白曾经生活过的地方。(where先行词是place)
_上面这个句子不可以将where改为that,因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句:
_this is the place that li bai once visited.
_这是李白曾经游览过的地方。(that的先行词同样是place,但这个that是关系代词,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,还可以用which替换)
_(三)关系副词why的用法
_关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。例如:
_the reason why i am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
_我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason, 当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略)
_this is the reason why he came late to school.
_这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。(why先行词是reason,why可以用that替代,还可以省略)
_注意:如果上面的句子将the reason省略,那么这个句子就变成了(this is why he came late to school. )表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。
_四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句
_as是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。
_(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句
_you may take as many books as you want.
_你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词,修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)
_i have got such a com*r as yours.
_我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词,代替先行词com*r,在定语从句中作表语,因为yours后省略了is )
_i have n*r seen so beautiful a place as guilin.
_我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词,代替先行词place,在定语从句中作表语,因为guilin后省略了is )
_(二)独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句
_as we know,
_the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。
_as is known to us,
_(as we know和 as is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。)
_* is, as you know, is an inseparable part of china.
_你知道,*是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。)
_五、关系代词who, which与that的区别
_(一)关系代词who与that的区别
_1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。例如:
_he who loses hope loses all.
_失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who)
_i met alice, who told me that she was learning chinese.
_我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非*性定语从句中,用who)
_2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that。例如:
_the man to whom our head* talked just now is our english teacher.
_我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who)
_注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:
_(1) the man whom our head* talked to just now is our english teacher.
_(2) the man who our head* talked to just now is our english teacher.
_(3) the man that our head* talked to just now is our english teacher.
_(4) the man our head* talked to just now is our english teacher.
_第4句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得*多。
_3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。例如:
_he is a man that is n*r afraid of failure.
_他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)
_4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:
_who is the girl that is talking to tom in english?
_用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)
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